Eva Frank (1754–1816 or 1817) is one of many early modern Jewish women who overcame gender restrictions to take on influential roles as spiritual guides and teachers, even while society lagged along behind them. Born Rachel Frank, she was the daughter of Jacob (Jakob) Frank (ca. 1726–1791), a controversial and charismatic messianic figure who attracted a significant Jewish following in Eastern Europe. After his death, Eva took over as leader of the Frankists. She changed her name to Eva (Ewa) when the Frank family converted to Catholicism in 1760.
What challenges might Eva have faced as a woman in a position of religious leadership in this period?
How might the fact that Eva was the child of an established community leader have influenced her ability to challenge gender norms?
Is there a greater likelihood that a messianic movement that rejected many norms of traditional Judaism might create new opportunities for women?
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These pages are from a manuscript, De dificuldade de ourinar (On Difficulty in Urinating), by a Jewish physician and surgeon in Amsterdam, Samuel de Leon Benavente (1643–1722). He was known for his…
This episode occurred on Deribasov Street, about two years after the beginning of our story.
At that time our editorial office was located at the upper end of the street, in the…